 昆士兰大学根据优秀的博士RP案例，详细分析研究计划中Literature Review应该如何构建并突出重点 👇 案例文章：Co-witnesses and the effects of discussion on eyewitness memory by Helen M Paterson 该文章Literature Review部分由两章组成： 第一章：相关研究文献综述Literature review of relevant research 本章的总体目标是首先确定一般研究领域的重要性，然后确定可以做出新贡献的地方。本章的大部分内容批判性地评估了该领域使用的方法，以确定研究问题的适当方法。 示例： “Approximately 77,000 individuals are arrested in the United States each year based primarily on eyewitness testimony (ref.). … Given the pivotal role that eyewitness testimony plays in some trials,it is important to establish whether or not the jury’s faith in this testimony is warranted.” 目的：✅建立研究领域 示例： “One study has shown that eyewitness errors are the most common cause of false convictions (ref.). Almost all innocent individuals exonerated by DNA evidence had been convicted primarily as a result of erroneous eyewitness evidence (ref.)Consequently, a great deal of research has focussed on the unreliability of eyewitness testimony (refs.).” 目的：✅确立研究领域的重要性 示例： “The current thesis examines the third way that postevent misinformation may be encountered: through other witnesses.This area has been surprisingly neglected until recently, as the majority of the literature on eyewitness testimony has focussed on the effect of questions and media reports containing misleading information.” 目的：✅建立研究领域——讨论已发现的内容，然后找出差距并指出结果的不一致性 示例： “Yarmey and Morris (1998) suggest that, ‘The capricious results among these investigations are probably due to methodological differences and variability in subject matter’ (p. 1638).To appreciate the effects ofco-witness information on eyewitness reports,we must examine, in detail, the different methodologies that have been used to investigate this topic.” 目的：✅激发下一部分文献综述 示例： “Traditionally, researchers in memory have aimed to keep procedures free from contamination, such as other people’s memories (ref.).However, such a narrow focus may not fully explain how people remember (ref.). Because such ‘contamination’ is common to memory, understanding its effects enables greater knowledge of memory itself (ref.). …Therefore,instead of intentionally avoiding the social aspects of memory, they should be explored in their own right.” 目的：✅进一步证明有必要研究社会影响对记忆的影响 示例： “While the above studies provide valuable information regarding the social aspects of memory,caution needs to be exercised before applying these results to the judicial area. One should not assume the results obtained from studies using stories and word lists as stimuli can be generalised to forensic contexts.” … “That is, the differences found between individuals and groups could simply be due to the participants giving their reports for a second time …” … “A limitation of this research on collaborative memory is that the memory of groups is compared with that of individuals. … group performance should not be compared with individual performance but rather with ‘nominal groups’ comprised of pooled, non-redundant data from the same number of people tested individually.” 目的：回顾该领域研究的时间发展（按时间顺序进行可能并不总是合适的）✅每次讨论一篇关键论文，并针对每篇论文进行讨论：①描述方法和主要发现 ②确定方法中的弱点或研究结果中的局限性 ③讨论后续研究人员如何尝试解决这些问题。 示例： “… Most research involving the Experimentally Induced Information methodology seeks to identify the influence of misinformation presented by one witness to another, and therefore the assumption is made that discussion between witnesses is a detrimental process. It may therefore be advantageous to also investigate the effects of co-witness information using Natural Discussion Groups as this methodology has high ecological validity. However, few studies have used this methodology, and those that have, have yielded mixed findings. Therefore, future investigation using the Natural Discussion Group methodology would be helpful to better understand the effects of discussion on memory.” 目的：✅总体结论或总结，说明为什么选择特定的方法 第二章：“记忆一致性”的理论解释Theoretical explanations of memory conformity 示例： “While the misinformation effect is a well-established phenomenon, ‘what remains in dispute is the nature of a satisfactory theoretical explanation’ (ref.). … Therefore, in order to understand why memory conformity occurs, we must draw from both cognitive research on memory and social research on conformity. In this section, relevant cognitive and social theories are discussed in order to (1) explain the occurrence of memory conformity and (2) describe factors that influence memory conformity.” 目的：⭐确定本章的原因并说明目的 示例： “Four distinct explanations have been offered for the memory conformity effect: (1) … The empirical evidence relevant to each of these explanations is reviewed in this section.” 目的：⭐审查结构的介绍/概述 示例： “Whilst normative social influence may explain the conformity that occurs in …, it is an unlikely explanation for memory conformity that may occur when people give individual statements following discussion in the absence of their co-witness. (Then reason why)” 目的：使用以下结构讨论这四种解释：①定义 ②什么时候可能发生 ③支持证据 ④解释的局限性（这是批判性评论的‘批判’部分）。 示例： “The suggestion that memory conformity is a result of biased guessing is similar to the informational influence explanation because in both instances … However, the distinguishing feature between the two explanations is that …” … “Whilst biased guessing may account for the misinformation effect that occurs in some instances (refs.), research suggests that it is not the only reason for the occurrence of the misinformation effect. (Supporting evidence) … This suggests that the misinformation effect may be due at least partially to memory impairment, rather than just biased guessing.” 目的：⭐比较解释并得出综合结论 示例： “Informational influence, biased guessing, and modification of memory may help to explain why memory conformity occurs when participants are tested individually, as they are in the studies presented in this thesis. … The research presented in this thesis compares these alternative explanations to determine which best explains memory conformity in individual recall following co-witness discussion. (Why this is important to do)” 目的：✅总结对当前四种理论解释的回顾 ✅确定哪些解释可能能够有效解释本论文进行的实验结果 ✅旨在解决理论上的不确定性 示例： “One way to determine whether memory conformity occurs because of biased guessing is to …” “Experiments described in this thesis (Studies 5-7) include a warning for some participants about possible misinformation in an attempt to determine whether participants report misinformation because of informational influence or memory change.” 目的：讨论实现目标的方法问题 示例： “Whist it has been shown that in some circumstances many people tend to conform to the opinions of others, we also know that some people are able to resist conforming in some situations. For example, … This section of the literature review examines factors influencing whether or not a person is likely to conform that are (1) in the situation, and (2) within the individual.” 目的：提出另一个感兴趣的问题，并回顾迄今为止的发现 示例： “Although the experiments described in this thesis do not attempt to manipulate and test the factors that influence conformity, they are used to help understand the results obtained and consider implications of the findings.” 目的：阐明与论文的相关性 🔵Dr.XunMu博士留学具有多年辅助海外博士申请经验，掌握全球知名高校的博导教授信息。我们从相近学科方向的成功经验出发，为每位学员量身定制最优的博士留学方案，包含择导定校套磁、申请文书辅导、学术修改、院校网申等服务。 🔴计划25fall海外留学的同学，欢迎后台详细沟通了解~   |
